In 1985, the fourth form of pure carbon (after graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon) was discovered. Commonly known as a buckyball, or more formally, Buckministerfullerine, the molecule was named after Richard Buckminster ("Bucky") Fuller, who, among a myriad of inventions, designed the geodesic dome with nearly the same symmetry. The buckyball is a large hollow, cage-like molecule with a distinct arrangement of 60 carbon atoms (C₆₀) that form a spherical shape - a truncated icosahedron, similar to the hexagonal and pentagonal quilt patchwork pattern of the Telstar soccer ball, only with carbon atoms at its vertices and bonds along the seams. For their groundbreaking discovery of fullerenes, the family of symmetrical carbon-cage molecules of which the buckyball is the prototype, scientists Harold Kroto from the University of Sussex, and Robert Curl Jr. and Richard Smalley from Rice University shared the 1996 Noble Prize in Chemistry. 

Buckyball and nanotubes (Credit: NCCR)

Random nanotubes vs. buckypaper (Credit: FACCT)

About 1/50,000^th the diameter of strand of human hair, nanotubes - sometimes dubbed buckytubes - are lattices of carbon hexagons rolled into long strands. Various conformations of nanotubes exist - single-walled (SWNTs), multi-walled (MWNTs; which have concentric shells), doughnut-shaped torus (or nanotorus), and fullerite. Nanotubes exhibit unrivaled strength, flexibility, unique electrical properties, making the most conductive fiber known, can function as semiconductors, and are the most efficient thermal conductors. Each nanotube conformation displays unique strengths, hardness, kinetic, thermal, and electrical properties, with individual variants within a class differing as well. Thus, individual nanotube conformations could be targeted appropriately to the particular application.

BuckyPaper lightning test (Credit: FACCT)

Despite extensive research throughout the world since the early 1990s into the unusual properties of fullerenes, their manufacturing and purification are still too complex and expensive for mass production. By combining carbon nanotubes with other materials, creation of nano-based composite materials, which are stronger, lighter, and capable of better thermal management than any known material, could have a myriad of applications. Attempts to integrate carbon nanotubes into composite materials proved disappointing, however, since nanotubes tend to stick together and are not easily dispersed, causing a dramatic increase in system viscosity.

An inadvertent discovery in the 1990's resolved many of these problems. When researchers from Richard Smalley's laboratory managed to disperse nanotubes into a liquid suspension and then filtered it through a fine mesh, the nanotubes would stick to one another and collect on the filter, forming a thin film disk of pure nanotubes, later dubbed buckypaper. Research engineers, chemists, and physicists at the Florida Advanced Center for Composite Technologies (FACCT or FAC2T) directed by Ben Wang, Professor of Industrial Engineering at the Florida A&M University-FSU College of Engineering, have carried out pioneering research on the properties, bulk manufacture, integration into nanocomposites, and applications of 'buckypaper' since the year 2000, when Dr. Wang was first introduced to it. Touted as "harder than diamonds" and "stronger than steel at a fraction of the weight", buckypaper, which has the potential for use in illuminating devices, heat sinks, armor, and electromagnetic protective skins, might help usher in a new age in material technology.

Round buckypapers (Credit: FACCT)

buckypaper foil (Credit: FACCT)

In time, as production increases and nanotube costs go down, buckypaper film may be used in commercial aircraft and in notebook computers to draw away more generated heat without adding additional weight. Eventually, buckypaper nanotube films may be used by the automobile industry to make cars and trucks stronger yet lighter, and therefore, more fuel efficient.